우유의 적 미생물은 어떻게 생겨나는 것일까요?

우유는 모든 영양소를 두루 갖춘 완전식품이기 때문에 그만큼 미생물이 증식하기에도 최적의 식품입니다. 사람에게 좋으니 다른 생명체에게도 좋은 셈이죠.. 따라서 우유를 다루는 데에 있어서 가장 주의를 기울여야 할 부분이 바로 미생물입니다.

미생물

미생물은 크게 세균, 효모, 곰팡이로 나눌 수 있습니다. 미생물이 무조건 나쁜 것은 아닙니다. 인간에게 유익하게도 이용됩니다. 즉 발효냐 부패냐의 문제인데, 미생물을 이용하여 인간에게 유익한 물질들을 만들어내는 것을 발효라고 하며, 인간에게 해로운 작용을 하는 것을 부패라고 합니다.

발효의 몇 가지 예를 살펴볼까요. 세균(유산균)을 이용한 요거트, 김치 제조, 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae )를 이용한 술, 빵 제조, 곰팡이(Aspergillus)를 이용한 된장, 간장 제조 등이 있겠네요. 그 외에도 제약, 화학 등에서 미생물을 이용하여 수많은 물질들을 만들어 내고 있습니다.

누룩곰팡이

▲ 누룩곰팡이 (출처 : 네이버 두산백과 이미지 참조)

부패는 따로 예를 들지 않아도 되겠죠ㅎㅎ 몇 가지 위험한 부패균을 알아보면 황색포도상구균(Staphylococcus aureus), 살모넬라 균, 통조림 제조에 가장 위험한 보튤리누스균(Clostridium botulinus) 등이 있습니다.

KakaoTalk_20140922_1642033511

▲ 황색포도상구균(출처:구글이미지)

미생물의 작용 및 종류에 대해 대충 알아보았는데요. 이제는 미생물을 관리하는 법을 알아보겠습니다. 미생물은 종류별로 저마다 좋아하는 환경이 있습니다. 특정 환경을 만들어주면 그 환경에 생육 적합한 미생물만 증식하며 다른 미생물들은 죽거나 억제됩니다. 미생물의 증식요소는 아래와 같이 나누어집니다.

1. 수분

미생물이 증식하기 위해서는 수분이 필요합니다. 수분이 없으면 미생물의 증식이 멈춘다고 볼 수 있죠. 식품의 건조 저장이 이러한 점을 이용한 것입니다. 분유, 육포 등을 예로 들 수 있겠네요. 수분활성도(Aw)라는 것이 있습니다. 식품의 수분에는 자유수와 결합수가 있는데 결합수는 식품 조직과 결합하고 있는 수분이어서 이 것은 미생물이 이용할 수 없는 수분입니다. 자유수만 이용할 수 있죠. 수분활성도란 식품의 수분 중 자유수의 비율입니다.

크기변환_twi007t169922

▲ 과일을 이용하여 만든 쨈

수분활성도를 가장 잘 이해할 수 있는 식품이 쨈입니다. 쨈의 수분은 많지만 당 함량이 높아서 당이 수분과 결합하여 수분활성도가 낮습니다. 일반적으로 세균은 수분활성도가 0.9 이상이어야 증식할 수 있지만 곰팡이는 0.6에서도 생육이 가능합니다. 이상 미생물 증식요소 중 수분에 대해서 알아보았습니다. 나머지 것들에 대해서는 다음 시간에 계속 설명드리도록 할게요.

 

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